Earlier this month the
Center for the Study of Race & Equality in Education at the University of
Pennsylvania released information about the graduation rates of
African-American football players at the 10 universities that will play in the
Bowl Championship Series this winter.
In 2012, I spent two months investigating the graduation rates of
African-American football players at the ten Football Bowl Subdivision schools
in the state of Texas. The post below is the result of that reporting.
By Will Brown
His goal was simple: make the traveling squad.
Robert Blackmon was not
thinking about getting his degree in the Fall of 1986. He wanted to prove he
was good enough to not only line up for the Baylor University football team,
but travel to games outside of Waco.
The former Van Vleck
defensive back was warned to also focus on the classroom, but Blackmon was more
devoted to football.
Though graduation rates
for football players are on the rise, the number of African-Americans
graduating continues to pale in comparison to their teammates. Whether it’s the
Graduation Success Rate or the Federal Graduation rate that are touted by the
National Collegiate Athletic Association, or other metrics complied by
researchers, that fact does not change.
“I wasn’t the greatest
student,” Blackmon recalls. “(When it came to) graduating, the counselors and
coaches always talked about it. But my main thing was staying eligible and
trying to play football. It wasn’t until my junior year that I thought about
graduating.”
Blackmon left Baylor for
a career in the NFL after his junior season. He wound up earning his degree
after his football career was over, before embarking on a coaching career.
Blackmon took the road
less traveled when it came to earning his undergraduate degree and he knows it.
Of the 10 Division I
schools in the state that participate at the Football Bowl Subdivision level,
Baylor is the only program where the black graduation rate has been on par, or
greater than, the overall team average at any point in the last five years.
“Kids are different
nowadays. They want that quick fix and they want that money right now,”
Blackmon said. “Everything good is going to take time. If it’s worth it, it
will take time and effort.”
“I would share my life
story with any kid who will listen about getting an education. That’s something
they can’t take away from you. The NFL is not promised. Your chances of playing
in the NFL are limited, but you degree can take you a long way.”
Blackmon wound up
earning a degree in criminal justice from the University of Houston-Downtown in
2002. He and older brother, Terry, are the only two of his seven siblings to
earn college degrees.
Because the former Bay
City football coach did not earn his degree six years after originally
enrolling his eventual graduation would not have been considered a success by
either metric used by the NCAA.
The Crossroads region
may not perennially produce blue chip prospects like other regions of the
state, but each February area athletes sign National Letters of Intent to play
football at some of the premier programs in the country.
Not everyone on a
football scholarship at the state’s 10 Football Bowl Subdivision schools is
black. But, according to figures submitted to the NCAA, many are.
More than 70 percent of
scholarship football players at the University of Texas-Austin are black. Rice
and Southern Methodist are the only in-state schools where blacks do not
possess a majority of the football scholarships.
“It is more difficult,
not impossible, to get a quality education at a university when you are working
your way through school,” said Richard Southall, director of the College Sport
Research Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“In my opinion, college
football players in the state of Texas should more accurately be classified as
university employees. They are holding down a full-time job that they’d devote
40-plus hours a week. Parents should recognize this reality. The likelihood is
high that their son is not going to graduate in the same period as regular
students. The statistics show that.”
The graduation gap
First-time, full-time
freshmen students are only considered academic successes if they graduate from
the college they originally enrolled within six years.
Southall, who spent a
decade coaching varsity basketball in Tennessee and Colorado, said deciphering
college graduation rates is a complex issue, one that is not assisted by the
difference in the metrics used to calculate those numbers.
To further muddy the
waters the NCAA has sponsored a series of commercials throughout the Division I
men’s basketball tournament noting its athletes go pro in something other than
sports. One spot even states “African-American males, who are student athletes,
are 10 percent more likely to graduate.”
Southall believes both
the Graduation Success Rate and the Federal Graduation Rate have inherent
flaws.
For the 10 FBS football
programs in the state, the success rate is usually between five and 10
percentage points higher than the federal graduation rate. The 2010-11
graduation percentages feature students that originally enrolled in college in
2004.
Baylor’s overall success
rate for the 2010-11 academic year was 62 percent. The graduation success rate
for the black football players at the school was also 62 percent, while the
white rate was 68 percent and the Hispanic graduation success rate was 33
percent.
For the 2010-11 academic
year Rice had the highest overall success rate at 93 percent and highest black
graduation rate at 92 percent. Texas A&M had the lowest for black football
players, and the University of Texas and Houston had the lowest overall football
success rate at 57 percent.
Nationally, Rice was 19th in
Graduation Success Rate for the 2010-11 academic year. The top four schools
were all Ivy League institutions. Meanwhile, the five schools with the lowest
GSR were all historically black colleges, including Florida A&M.
In the past five years
Rice has perennially had the highest graduation rates among black football
players of the 10 Texas schools in the top-tier of Division I football.
Texas A&M head coach
Kevin Sumlin is only African-American coaching at the Football Bowl Subdivision
level in the state. The first-year head coach was not made available to discuss
graduation rates at his new school, or during his four-year tenure at Houston.
One school’s solutions
Graduation figures for
football players, not solely African-Americans, at the University of Houston —
the closest FBS school to Victoria — have been among the lowest among the
Division I schools in Texas.
Out of 235 Division I
schools, Houston ranked 179th in Graduation Success Rate, on
par with New Mexico State and Texas.
Maria Peden, Associate
Director of Athletics for Student Athlete Development said, that goal will be
met in part by focusing on student retention and cultivating an atmosphere that
encourages athletes, of all backgrounds and ethnicities, to remain in school.
“We try to talk about
graduation,” Peden said. …”If that is all you see yourself as you might not
have the same academic goals. If we instill in you that I can do something
else, then I think they are more likely to stay on the path toward graduation,
or at least keep trying.”
Houdfad
The university has made
a goal of increasing the four-year average of its Graduation Success Rate to 80
percent in the near future. Currently, that average is 68 percent for the
nearly 400 student athletes in the university’s 16 sports programs.
Former Louise linebacker
Desmond Pulliam is a former Crossroads athlete on scholarship at Houston. This
fall he will be joined by Victoria West volleyball player Brooke Smith and Edna
football players Mac Long and Devin Parks.
Peden recently visited
Texas A&M, Oklahoma, Central Florida and other schools to get a glimpse of
the tactics other universities use to assist their athletes.
In February, Houston
hired a learning specialist, who will work with students that might need
additional individual instruction that an academic counselor may not provide.
Another program the
school instituted was the Cougar Pride Leadership Academy. Freshmen and
sophomores are required to attend the semimonthly meetings that discuss
commitment and ethics, but also provide career panels and skills that will
assist their acclimation to college, as well as college athletics.
“Graduation is so
important to everyone. You have these young people in your program for four or
five years and you can’t help but want the best for them,” Peden said.
“Obviously, the focus is on the athletics, but I think the game has changed. I
think all of us are committed to the graduation of students. It’s a big
commitment and it’s a two-way street.”
Adjusting expectations, graduation figures
“There is more pressure
on these athletes, self-imposed and from athletic departments subtly, that they
need to produce on the court,” Southall said.
For the past two years
the College Sport Research Institute has produced an Adjusted Graduation Gap
report, a study that compares graduation rates between student athletes and
full-time students.
Among Southall’s
findings: Black football players at flagship schools in BCS conference like
Texas, Oklahoma, LSU, Alabama, Florida and others have graduation figures 25
percent lower than full-time students at that institution.
Football players at
those same flagship schools have graduation percentages four percent lower than
black male students at that institution.
Conversely, for white
football players at flagship BC S schools the graduation gap between football
players and all full-time students is eight points, and five points for white
football players and white male students.
“The graduation game
should not be seen as a negative,” Southall said. “Maybe it’s that you do a
good job of graduating your full-time students, which is not a bad thing. The
next question is if football or basketball players in XYZ conference are not
graduating at a rate comparable of their fellow male students, let’s ask why.”
To answer that question
the College Sport Research Institute is developing a database where they track
the characteristics of football and men’s basketball players at the Division I
level.
There will always be
those that buck trends, but the institute hopes to track the academic
preparedness of athletes in the two primary revenue sports as they enter
college. Their goal is to see whether football and men’s basketball players
come from the same socio-economic and educational backgrounds as their
classmates.
Road to graduation begins in high school
Linda DeAngelo has
studied issues related to students and student success during the last decade.
She has found the academic preparedness of students does make a difference when
it comes to their graduation percentages, whether they are athletes or regular
undergraduates.
DeAngelo is the lead
author of Completing College: Assessing Graduation Rates at Four-Year
Institutions, which was recently published by the Higher Education Research
Institute at the University of California-Los Angeles.
In the 2011 study
DeAngelo co-wrote it was stated a true measure of a university’s quest to
doling out degrees may be in understanding the difference between the number of
students that are expected to graduate and those that actually earn degrees.
The UCLA study arrived
at a handful of conclusions that do not specifically note football graduation
rates. But, it still provides context about why Rice, TCU and SMU have
generally produced a higher percentage of football graduates than Texas, Texas
A&M and Houston in the past half-decade.
Private schools produce
more graduates in four and five years than public universities in part because
they “enroll a much higher proportion of the most academically prepared
students.”
Women earn degrees at
higher percentages than men, with the gender gap widening in the past decade.
Also, first-generation college students, of both sexes, graduate at a lower
rate than their classmates whose parents have attended college.
Though it might seem a
natural connection, the UCLA study found that students with higher high school
grade point averages and standardized test scores graduated at a higher
percentage than their collegiate peers.
Nevertheless, to
DeAngelo when it comes to graduation it’s not a question of rigor for
student-athletes. The same on-field skills and willingness to go the extra mile
are transferrable.
“The same things that
make them a college football player will help them academically and help them
obtain a degree,” DeAngelo said. “I am sure there are a ton of athletes that
know the playbook inside and out. Those same types of skills are learning
skills.”
Tony Brooks agrees with
DeAngelo. The former Texas Christian linebacker has always found athletics as a
means to an education.
Brooks’ daughter Krysten
graduated in the Top 10 percent of her class before accepting a track
scholarship to UT-Arlington, his son Daniel signed a football scholarship at
Oklahoma in February.
As Daniel, a former
Calhoun running back and defensive back, weighed offers from Texas, Texas
Christian and Oklahoma State the family put an emphasis on the education he
would receive the next four years.
“We asked the different
schools that were recruiting Daniel the graduation rate and the size of the
classrooms,” Tony Brooks said. “We asked about the study hall program and
things like that so we could get an idea how much they were emphasizing
graduates along with sports.”
Football is finite; education is not
Brooks and Blackmon are
well aware that only a minute percentage of boys will have an opportunity to
play college, let alone professional football.
Florida, Texas and
California are the primary producers of collegiate and professional players.
However, the odds might be longer for those who play in the Lone Star State as
more boys play high school football in Texas than Florida and California
combined.
According to the NFL
Players Association, the average career is less than four years. And, that is
if someone makes it to the NFL. The NFLPA calculates that 0.2 percent of
college football players are invited to the NFL Scouting Combine.
In his four years at the
Bay City helm, Blackmon coached three Division I football players, including
2012 signees Derek Brown and John Paul De La Rosa. The coach said athletics are
a means to an education, a lesson he has told his children and those he
coaches.
“Every recruiter that
called me, grades were the No. 1 priority,” said the former Bay City football
coach. “They didn’t call and ask to see film. They asked, ‘How are the grades?
How are they as a person?’ And then they asked about film. Grades were always
the top question I was asked.”
Daniel Brooks also added
potential recruiters were just as concerned with his off-field performance and
exploits as his accomplishments for Rockdale, then Calhoun.
Daniel, along with
younger brother Elijah was a member of the National Honor Society while
enrolled at Calhoun. The Sandcrabs other Division I signee last month, Nick
McCrory, was also a member.
“Every school, whatever
school I went to, I was going to get my degree,” Daniel said. “I did look at
that. I was concentrating on a place where I could go, play and get my degree.”
Daniel made that that
statement in late January, more than month before he tore his ACL competing in
the long jump for the first time.
As of December 2013,
Brooks has yet to appear in a game for Oklahoma; however, he was named one of
the Players of the Year for the Sooners scout team.
Even before tearing up
his knee, Daniel said earning a degree was primarily about exhibiting
discipline. He believed that if he handled his business things, like a NFL
career and a post-football career as a businessman, will take care of
themselves.
“It all falls back on
your goals and your importance (to adhering them) once you get to college,”
Tony Brooks said. “There are a lot of distractions out there. I can only speak
for me and the guys I went to school with, our goal at the time was the NFL and
then it was school, it kind of flips on you after a while.
“A lot of times, it’s
your priorities and your goals. With the black community, you can see the pros,
you see the nice fancy cars and you get out of focus.”
It’s possible to excel at both
For all the dropouts and
cautionary tales, there are successes, locally and beyond.
Edna running back Devin
Parks has aspirations of playing in the NFL. Parks plans to study kinesiology
and become a football coach when his playing days are done.
“I know one day I’m not
going to be a football player,” Parks said moments after
signing with the University of Houston. “I would love to stick around the
sport, so coaching would be the best thing to do.”
Parks is well aware that
one cannot become a high school football coach in Texas, or most other states,
without first earning a degree. When he signed, the three things he aspired to
accomplish were to get away from home, play football and earn a degree.
Daniel Brooks has a
similar mindset to Parks when it comes to parlaying his scholarship into
something bigger. “It’s all up to me,” Brooks said. “Whether its 98 percent or
that 20 percent, it’s all up to me and I am going to handle my business, so I
don’t pay attention to (graduation statistics)”
Of course the
personification of athletic and academic excellence is 2011 Heisman Trophy
winner Robert Griffin III. Before embarking on a record-setting season, the
former Copperas Cove resident earned his degree in political science in
December 2010.
It takes a village
In his Heisman
acceptance speech Griffin thanked everyone from his parents, his family,
friends, coaches, and even school administrators.
DeAngelo and Southall
are among those that said those entities that made things “unbelievably
believable” for Griffin are instrumental to athletes achieving success inside
out the classroom.
The Brooks family has
always found Griffin a role model, because of his track background, discipline
and focus in the classroom. They can only hope the similarities include
returning to form following an ACL tear.
“I know with our kids we
have told them from Day 1, when you go to college the main thing is to get your
degree,” the elder Brooks said. “Getting your degree won’t guarantee you a job,
but it’s giving you a lot better opportunity to secure a job than you have
without it. Plus, the job selection will be greater.”
At some point the
college football players have to accept some of the responsibility. But, DeAngelo
said that if faculty, athletic staff and coaches are more encouraging, then
athletes will take the classroom more seriously. Though additional measures to
ensure that is the case, more can be done.
“There has been more
focus on having athletes graduate. If I am a big-time sports coach, we need to
talk about it,” DeAngelo said. “We need to talk not only about winning on the
field. They are student-athletes, we need to talk to them about how graduating
is important.
“The students need to
know that their coaches and athletic departments want them to graduate.”